Report on Maersk (f) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Report on Maersk (f) - Research Paper Example The above table 1 clearly shows that the highest price is US$ 3,064. The price occurred when Maersk supplied 8.5 FFE volume tons to its customers during 2010. The supply curve also indicates tha the company’s lowest price is US$ 2,370. This price occurred when Maersk supplied 6.9 FFE volume tones to its customers during 2009. The same curve also indicates that the other prices of container shipping orders supplied to customers that occurred in 2013, 2011 and 2012and were between the US$3,064 to US$2,370. Graph 1 shows the Maersk Supply curve (Boyles, 2010). The above graph 1 clearly shows that the highest price occurred at US$ 3,064 when Maersk supplied 8.5 FFE volume tons to its customers. Likewise, the above graph indicates company’s lowest price is US$ 2,370 when Maersk supplied 6.9 FFE volume tones to its customers during 2009. Table 2 clearly shows that the demand information of Maersk (Boyles, 2010). Maersk purchases its container shipping needs or demands from different suppliers. The above table 2 clearly shows that the highest price is US$ 3,289.71. The price occurred when Maersk purchased 6.9 FFE volume tons from its suppliers during 2009. The supply curve also indicates that the company’s lowest demand price is US$ 2,673.29. This price occurred when Maersk purchased 7.3 FFE volume tones to its customers during 2010. The same curve also indicates that the other prices of container shipping orders supplied to customers that the remaining prices were between the US$3,289.71 and US$ 2,673.29, during 2011, 2012 and 2013 Further, the Graph 2 clearly shows that the highest price is US$ 3,289.71. The demand price occurred when Maersk purchased 6.9 FFE volume tons. The supply curve also indicates that the company’s lowest demand price is US$ 2,673.29. This price occurred when Maersk purchased 7.3 FFE volume tones (Mankiw, 2011). Derived demand. The derived demand is the demand for one product in relation to

Supply and Demand,Elasticity, Production and Cost,Competition, Case Study

Supply and Demand,Elasticity, Production and Cost,Competition, Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly, and Game Theory - Case Study Example This will make the suppliers hoard the goods in anticipation for higher prices hence decrease in supply. Consequently, customers will demand more and eventually lead to further increase in prices. c). total revenue = price *quantity. When P=$10, the total revenue is 10*500=$5000. When price increases to $20, total revenue is P*Q= 20*300=$6000. This shows that the increase in price by $10 increase total revenue by ($6000-$5000). This is an increase of $1000 revenue. 6.0 When the demand for labor is inelastic, the rate of unemployment increases. For example, if labor demanded is 300 and skilled workers are 600, 300 people will remain unemployed. As more people gains skills, demand does not change hence more people remain jobless. d) The optimal number of workers to be hired is five. Marginal cost of any additional worker should not exceed his/her marginal revenue. Hiring sixth person will cost more than the revenue he or she can generate. 10. For the business to continue its operation, it should be able to break even. At this point, total revenue (TR) = total cost (TC). However, at break even the business should be able to cover all its variable cost from the revenue. For 3 months, revenue is $4000, while variable cost is ($12000-$6000) = $6000. Therefore, it should close down since it is not able to generate enough revenue to cover fixed

Global Pharmaceutical Industry

Global Pharmaceutical Industry Introduction The Global Pharmaceutical Industry is one of the multinational industries which gained a high cycle of growth especially in 1960s and the industry is in high risk, regulated and driven by lengthy RD expenditures. The industry can be different in medicinal chemical, biological, ethical, proprietary product and private formula manufactures by their backgrounds and operation sectors and does not cover consumer or animal healthcare. In 2008 total revenue of global pharmaceutical industry was $615.1 billion and expected to reach $734 billion at the end of 2013. United States, Europe and Japan are the largest pharmaceutical market. The report critically analyse the Global Pharmaceutical Industry, importance and growth with the expect of internal and external environment analysis, plausible views of industry in the future and moral values. (Global pharmaceutical). A: identification of the main environmental forces currently affecting the pharmaceutical industry. PESTLE PESTLE analysis used to help organisation to understand in depth that what is the current status of the organisation and the external factors which are effecting. It also helps to the Management to make strategy for the future and overcome the weak areas of the organization. PESTLE is comprises of political, Economical, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors. (Author) Political The both policies (domestic and foreign) of government have a great effect on the industry innovation as compare to the other factors. To get the attentions of firms due to increase the economic importance, government offer special incentives which encourage to the industry to globalisation. For example GSK increase their operations in Singapore due to low taxes and others government support. Same like, United States purchase more than 45% of drugs, the main reason is to allow foreign industry to compete with local which may help to low prices and reduce health budget. (David Floyd, 2008) From 1980 governments focused on pharmaceutical industry to handle the challenges of price control, monopoly and trade. For example in the European countries like Spain, Portugal, France and Italy the pharmaceutical market is cheap and thus these countries are used to ship their products to UK, Germany and Sweden for high price market. In US the price of pharmaceutical goods are high as compared to neighbours country Canada due to the lake of price control. Like in US Lipitor (cloistral medicine) were sold with $3.20 per pill in 2003 as that of $1.89 per pill in Canada. (Sarah Holland Jul 2004 ) Environment Environment movements are real threats for Pharmaceutical industry as these movements focus on green environments and reduce chemicals and carbon which comes from pharmaceutical industries. It is not being possible to ignore these issues as they are supposed to be practiced under United Nation charter for clean and better environment. For example Pfizer is a well reputed British Pharmaceutical company which has aims to save the environment as much as possible from chemicals, waste water which includes active pharmaceutical ingredients mixture of different compounds and carbon which comes from their pharmaceutical industries. Different strategies could be used to reduce carbon and chemical waste from drugs for human environment, like proper consumption ,good way of savages for hospitals waste water like advance waste water treatment technology, private house hold expire drugs, training and education of medical professionals to reduce over prescription, and public education and awareness. These strategies could be help full for save green house environment from drugs. In conclusion if we do focus on three principal strategies to reduce the input of chemicals compounds, carbon, and waste water in to the environment are substitution of complex chemical compounds, advance technical approach, and proper education and training of doctors, retailers and consumers. (Klaus Kà ¼mmerer, 2009) Social The social life, physical activities and level of health of a community affects the pharmaceutical industry. Change in social life and trends mention new direction for the local and national pharmaceutical industry. In the same way age of the individuals deeply change the dimensions of the industry like the citizen of a community aged more than 60 yeas consumes more drugs than the young people. Recently, the industry gets attraction and become more popularafter impact of global diseases e.g. SARS, AIDS, because of media and government attention. (Micheal A. Santoro, Date not available) Technology: Technology plays a vital role in to pharmaceutical industries according to current state of art methods for development and manufacturing of drugs and open new ways of research and invention. The usage of advance technologies automatically impact on social, economic, and environment. Advance technology in pharmaceutical industries help full to accurate characterize chemical compounds, better control on new enhance scientific methods and their optimization. Which decrease extra time, money and efforts and produce more accurate drugs for specific disease, and decrease all hurdles from research to manufacturing efficiently, reliably, and rapidly. (Troy Shinbrot, Benjamin J. Glasser, 2002) Economy Currently the pharmaceutical industry is less affected as compare to other manufacturing industries and until 2011 the industry is ideal for foreign direct investment growth. (World investment prospect survey, 2009). Despite this, in 2002 slow economy growth put the pressure on the EU market and restricts it to 8%. The global pharmaceutical industry is effecting due to interest, taxes, inflation and exchange rates which are included in the economic factors of global pharmaceutical industry. Change in the foreign currency rates makes affects on the exports and imports of drugs. High interest rates discourage investment the industry for firms and stake holders. Research and Development is a lengthy procedure which have also economically effect on the industry. Mergers and diversification allows the industry to enter in new market or develop new drugs. In 1996 two big companies, Swiss giants Ciba and Sandoz, merged one company called Novartis and attempted to cut RD costs (James H. Tagg art, 1993) Legal Undoubtedly pharmaceutical industry is a highly regulated and patent law. Pricing policies and product liability laws on pharmaceutical innovation are highly affected. The innovation of pharmaceutical is also affected because of regulation. Which cause delaying the market launch of new products and process through lengthy approval time. In United States the greater restrictions of regulation is evidence to delay in the local market of demanding new drugs. In 1989, 18 of the 23 new drugs introduced and approved for marketing in other countries while in US received their first marketing. (Stevens, Mark, 2009) Furthermore the World Trade Organisation introduced new rules for copyright protection which later overcome the problem of fake production and allowed some relaxation of exporting the Aids drugs to Africa. In 1995, with mutual understanding many countries made different changes in their â€Å"National Laws Governing† IPR which directly impact on pharmaceutical industry. (James, H, 1993) SWOT Swot analysis in pharmaceutical industry provide a crystal clear scenario about on coming threats to this industry , scope of pharmaceutical industry its opportunities , advantages and provide summary analysis of strategic planning model and weakness areas including draw backs ,hurdles related to this industry. Threats The infrastructure of pharmaceutical industries is very different compare to other major Industries. Pharmaceutical approaching techniques state way comes in to open market environment. The influences of government in shape of pricing and legislation individual consumers and whole sellers free choice directly interact with this industry. The most of new drugs approvals and launches has decreased in the past decade, making it hard to make awesome income with these government strategies to decrease health care expenditures gives more threats in pharmaceutical industry. Over the next few years the pharmaceutical industries could be face Series downturn about of patent expiry. Drugs which are contributing 17 to pharmaceutical sales in 2008 lose patent Protection between now and 2012. (K. George Mooney, 2001) Weakness There are multiple examples of weakness associated with pharmaceutical industries. Some are highlights below, for example association of funding and results. Pharmaceutical company funding of clinical trials is strictly linked with published results favouring those companies interests. This is an important issue which should be solved and is major weakness of Pharmaceutical industry. Another weakness in pharmaceutical industry is shortage of supply and demand of men power in industry and output from universities. There is need to collaboration and partnership between pharmaceutical industries, education institutes, and government to deal with the shortfall the challenge comes from balancing education in basic science with training in the emerging areas of science and technology. (R. Barker, M. Darnbrough, 2007) Strengths The pharmaceutical industry is one of the most productive and profitable industrial sectors. Therefore, effective intellectual property protections play a vital role to maintain innovation and research for products development. Study shows that USA UK pharmaceutical industry is one of the most power and successful industry sectors in the world. The main reasons behind is commitment in to RD sector. Thats in turn give sustainable and competitive advantage for more promising growth in industry and its development. Intellectual property protection is a basic strength for the success of the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmaceutical industry is so dependent on the patent protection, because only through strict enforceable patent protection drug companies can generate sufficient revenues. However patent protection is beneficial to inventions in the pharmaceutical industry. (Yu-Shan Chen, Ke-Chiun Chang, 2009) Opportunities Regardless of threats there is vast majority of opportunities with the help of different alliances, pharmaceutical industry can bring amazing resources and capabilities to compete threats and weakness which is now a days industry is trying to coping. New partnerships brings industry in to new market , deal with better trading , better economy opportunities , reducing cost ,and help to develop new inventions and research to compete market . One of the most important reasons for making external alliances is state of the art technologies for new products, invention and research which individual companies couldnt handle and develop by their selves from internal resources. (William W. McCutchen Jr., Paul M. Swamidass, 2004). B: Scenario planning for Global pharmaceutical industry Scenario planning methods used for nature and impact of the most certain and important driving forces our world; it is a process that encourages knowledge exchange and mutual understanding of the central issues for the future of the business. The demand is increasing for new drugs as the population rises and their medical support need increases. The process of the pharmaceutical industry can vary but the end result must be an action plan for each scenario with the following: o Environmental scan o Scenario options o Financial projections o Action plan describing how the scenario would be implemented Features of Scenario planning and effects. Advantages.  · Multiple scenarios and diverse outcomes.  · It includes various input source and helps in discussing with all the participants. Disadvantages  · Doesnt quantify the value of possible actions and lack structuring futures.  · Non rational procedures for determining the future. Over the next few years, patent expirations will represent lost revenue of between $25 billion and $50 billion which will spur strategic alliances between RD and generic companies. The industry, experts say, will see a move to specialty products to fill unmet needs and a shift from a treatment and/or cure approach to prevention while pressure to bring product costs down will likely determine which products prevail in the marketplace. (Caribbean Business, MARCH 19. 2009) Relationship Management and transportation: It is very important to ensure that there is transparency along the entire value chain and especially in the Pharmaceutical industry as it has become a Global industry. It is also very important to maintain the customer trust and also managing the good relations with the entire stakeholder. C. Identification of implication of changing business environment on pharmaceutical firms â€Å"Drug discovery companies are experiencing many important transformations, which have contributed to the uncertainty of their competitive business environment. The uncertainty is underlined by the abundance of players within the industry.† (Chaudry Dacin 1997, p. 696). Focus and Cost: Pharmaceutical industry should review all their processes to stay competitive. A strong focus on Business and on core business activities. it is the need to have strong focus of developing processes which can be suitable for using across multiple manufacturing sites. Following are the some of the points which are interlinked and have an impact of decision making process, business practices and behaviour patterns.  · Slower and more bureaucratic regulatory procedures:  · Demographic development leads to pressures for medical cost containment:  · Regional integration:  · New directions for organizing health care:  · Rise of patient as consumer:  · Introduction of new innovative technologies:  · Shorter effective product patent life:  · Centralization in drug licensing decisions D: Prevalence of ‘ethical stance in the pharmaceutical industry and its strategic implications. In 1958 the shortage of polio vaccine and negligence in the law of Cutter pharmaceutical were main ethical challenges. Meanwhile the issues of marketing practices, pricing and clinical study has grown up to till date (Offit, 2005). Physicians prescription changes the drug sales efforts and marketing of drug companies. (Katz 2003, Blumenthal 2004 As studied has shown that the drug safety and pricing were the two main ethical issues increased during 2004-2005 and observed with 114 times of drug safety which was followed by 89 times of pricing. According to the (USA today, 2005) report, 27.6 % price of 115 brand were increased in four years which raised the question regarding public perception towards waste advertisement and cost of RD. Even in United State, pharmaceutical firms were involved in pricing and marketing crimes and had to pay more than one billion dollars fine in 2003 The legalisation of importation and reimportation can be factor of drug price was another issue identified many times in Canada. Through reimportation the prescription cost can be cut for patients and helpful to control the healthcare budgets. (Flaherty and Gilbert, 2003). Reference: Chaudry, Peggy Dacin, Peter (1997): â€Å"Strategic Planning in a Regulated Trade Bloc: The Pharmaceutical Industry in the European Union.†, European Management Journal, 15:6, 686-697. Blumenthal, D. (2004), Doctors and drug companies, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 351 No.18, pp.1885-90. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Challenges faced by thepharmaceutical industry, K. George Mooney Volume 12, Issue 4, February 2001, Pages 353-359 Global pharmaceuticals, Datamonitor publication, 2008, [accessed online] available at: www.datamonitor.com Healy, D. (2003), In the grip of the python: conflicts at the university-industry interface, Science and Engineering Ethics, Vol. 9 No.1, pp.59-71 James, H. (1993), ‘The world pharmaceutical industry 4th edition. Chapman and Hall, London, UK Bà ¡tiz-Lazo, B. and Holland, S (June 2001) Strategy and structure of the pharmaceutical industry, Open University Katz, D., Caplan, A.L., Merz, J.F. (2003), All gifts large and small: toward an understanding of the ethics of pharmaceutical industry gift-offering, American Journal of Bioethics, Vol. 3 No.3, pp.39-46. Offit, P.A. (2005), The Cutter Incident: How Americas First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing Vaccine Crisis, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, The Journal of High Technology Management Research, Volume 15, Issue 2, August 2004, Pages 197-214, William W. McCutchen Jr., Paul M. Swamidass MISG Secretariat (2002), Pharmaceutical Industry Competitiveness Task Force: â€Å"One Year On† Report, Ministerial Industry Strategy Group, London, available at: www.doh.gov.uk /pictf/ pictfonevearon.htm Floyd, D, (2002), Investment Decisions in Eastern Europe, Floyd, D, (2002), Investment Decisions in Eastern Europe, European Business Review, Vol 12, No 2. Yu-Shan Chen, Ke-Chiun Chang .The relationship between a firms patent quality and its market value — The case of US pharmaceutical industry Technological Forecasting and Social Change, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 16 July 2009 R. Barker, M. Darnbrough . The Role of the Pharmaceutical Industry Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry II, 2007, Chapter 1.14, Pages 527-552 Micheal A. Santoro, Charting a sustainable path for the Twenty-First Centaury pharmaceutical Industry, Cambridge Univeristy Press, Pages 1 Stevens, Mark , Legal and regulatory updates. Gasson, Tony 2009, Vol. 80 Issue 5, p31-32, 2p, Ebsco publications.

The Character of Mr. Jaggers in Great Expectations Essay example -- Gr

The Character of Mr. Jaggers in Great Expectations Mr. Jaggers plays a pivotal role in the novel, Great Expectations, written by Charles Dickens. We are first introduced to him in Chapter 11, where Pip encounters the rather condescending lawyer on the stairs of Satis House. Pip describes Mr. Jaggers as "a burly man of an exceedingly dark complexion." We cannot help but notice that he is extremely pontificating, by virtue of him holding Pip's chin and being almost sure that Pip was of "a bad set of fellows" although he had scarcely known Pip for two minutes. Mr. Jaggers' silent and terrifying ambiguity conjures mystery and enigma all around him. We find that very little is mentioned of his background and that he has no family. He is the epitome of callousness and displays the very least human feelings and affection. Through his desperate attempts to remain on the pedestal and away from social company, he is also Dickens' classic example of isolationism, in line with the theme of Great Expectations. He fears that friendly relationships with others will inconvenience his professional work. Undoubtedly, we find him to be an extremely intelligent and capable lawyer of high calibre. It is he that saves both Molly and Magwitch from the gallows through his expertise. He is also the one who supposedly saves Estella from the misery of orphanhood. Although many may argue that he did her more harm than good by giving her to Miss Havisham, we cannot blame him for he thought "that here was one pretty child out of the heap who could be saved.", which he did. By doing all this, he contributes effectively to the movement of the plot. Nevertheless, we also observe that... ...mphasizes that "If my advice had been asked, I should not have been here. It was not asked, and you see me here." This demonstrates that at the very beginning, Mr. Jaggers looked down on Pip and did not consider him worth the money and effort. Overall, Mr. Jaggers is a classic and exemplary embodiment of Victorian society. He is of paramount significance to the novel's plot, but more so to the theme. He is connected to every part of the plot. Through him, we learn what Victorian society was really like - how it judged people, how it treated people and how cruel and unjust it was. Indeed, Mr. Jaggers is Dickens' social message that a true gentleman with morals, human feelings and the spirit of justice was better than a "born gentleman" imbued with the social prerequisites of class and material wealth. This is what the theme of Great Expectations is essentially about.

Pride and Prejudice: an analysis of Mr. Wickham’s character Essay

To begin with, Wickham appears to have a good social etiquette which impresses the reader and Elizabeth, â€Å"Mr. Wickham was the happy man towards whom almost every female eye was turned†. Wickham makes a firm first impression and he appears to be amiable with a friendly disposition. â€Å"His appearance was greatly in favour†¦fine countenance†¦very pleasing address†, Wickham instantly takes Elizabeth’s favour and he seems a deferent character. Wickham is clever enough to encourage Elizabeth into thinking ill of Darcy by initially forming a trust with her and as Lizzy already dislikes him, it is easy for her to believe Wickham, â€Å"I have known him (Darcy) too long and too well to be a fair judge. It is impossible for me to be impartial†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ill-tempered man†. The reader is intrigued into Wickham’s opinion of him initially due to his social intelligence, his amiability and his first impressions to the town. Wickham continues to make Elizabeth think ill of Mr. Darcy by making himself seem the victim of the series of events between the two men. Wickham: â€Å"I cannot accuse myself of having really done anything to deserve to lose it†¦he hates me.† Due to the trust the reader and Lizzy have in Wickham, his story is accepted and we succumb to the claims he makes. Lizzy shows her naivety by immediately believing the story and replying â€Å"He deserves to be publicly disgraced!† Wickham’s character begins to be doubted in chapter eighteen when Darcy says â€Å"Mr. Wickham is blessed with such happy manners as may ensure his making friends – whether he may be equally capable of retaining them, is less certain.† However, as Darcy appears to us as such an ill-mannered character, we are unsure whether to believe him. His character is further doubted when Miss Bingley complains about Wickham to Elizabeth, â€Å"George Wickham has treated Mr. Darcy in a most infamous manner†¦Mr. Darcy is not in the least to blame.† Lizzy and the reader start to doubt their initial appraisal of Wickham as his likeable character far outweighs his shortcomings. Elizabeth shows her fond feelings towards Wickham by discovering that he is interested in the acquaintance of Miss King for merely the  £10,000 by saying â€Å"I should at present detest his very name†¦my feelings are not only cordial towards him.† The reader now sees Wickham’s bad intentions and how Lizzy is too fooled by his charm to see it. Wickham’s bad character is finally confirmed in Darcy’s letter explaining Wickham’s purposes at length, â€Å"he had some intentions of studying law†¦his life was full of idleness and dissipation†¦(Georgiana) was persuaded to believe herself in love, and to consent to an elopement†¦Mr. Wickham’s chief object was unquestionably my sister’s fortune.† Wickham is instantly seen for what he really is; superficial, deceitful and selfish with no concern for the damage he causes by his desire for pecuniary gain and greed. He masks his true character from Elizabeth and the reader and shows his true character of depravity.

Nature Strongly Influences Early Human Development. Discuss Essay

Both nature and nurture play an important role in early human development. However, people have always wondered that our gene which we inherited from our parents or environmental factors influenced the most. This has been a mysterious around the globe for centuries. This essay will analyze that nurture is the most important. Nature which is the heredity from our parents plays a huge role in the development. Our personal characteristics were determined by the genetic structure of the fertilized ovum. The decision of our sex, hair color, eyes color comes from the gene which we inherited from our parents. Another example for the affections of gene on the development of human is that, a twin who was separated for almost 35years with different life history still share the same interest and personality when they meet each other. Moreover, because of the genetically programmed maturation , children’s behavior after birth flows the same as the time schedule of their innate ability such as rolling over, sitting without support, standing while holding on to furniture, etc. Although we see that nature influenced human the most, what really influences the development is nurture. For instance, even if all children go through the same sequences of motor behaviors, different children will go through the same stage at different rates. What’s more, the extension of motor behaviors can be hastened by extra stimulation or practice that infants received. As we can see, a child who was given an extra practice of walking everyday began to walk earlier than children who didn’t practice. Also, the development of speech is accelerated if an infant is encouraged and stimulated to speak. According to the belief of John Locke, babies have blank minds after their births. Their minds only improved from what they’ve learned and experienced through their senses. They do not inherit from their parents. Similarly, according to John B. Waston and B. F. Skinner, the nature of human can be adaptable. It doesn’t really depend on the heredity of the child but it does depend on the training that the child has received. He also stated that he can turn any infants to any kind of specialists such as lawyer, doctor, artist, or even thief and beggar regarding to his training but not their race of ancestors, tendencies, talents or abilities. In conclusion, either nature or nurture influenced new born infants in their own ways. It seems they can back up with strong supports. However, nurture influences more than nature because it has a strong power to alter our natural form and can possibly turn us into somewhat different. In my opinion, I also believe that nurture has a strong impact on children’s development because from my personal experience, I have to study in order to get the knowledge and skills and my lifestyle just adapt to the environment around me.